Clinician Toolkit

Introduction

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death from lung cancer.1 Smoking is responsible for 85%-90% of NSCLC cases. Despite the decreasing popularity of smoking, the incidence of NSCLC is expected to increase significantly over the next few decades because of widespread screening for early detection.2

There is a dose-effect relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and lung cancer risk, as well as exposure to tar or tobacco smoke and lung cancer.2,3 The carcinogenic effects of tobacco smoking are suggested to be due to the accumulation of molecular damage during exposure. Subsequently, a cascade of events leads to the induction of enzymes and the formation of covalent DNA adducts, which may result in DNA misreplication and mutation, and ultimately cancer development (Figure 1).

The sequence of pathologic and molecular change involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer includes molecular changes, such as chromosomal deletions, genetic instability, activation of inflammation-related molecules, cell proliferation, oncogenes mutation (eg, KRAS and BRAF), and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (eg, P16 and TP53) (Figure 2).

References

  1. Minna JD, Roth JA, Gazdar AF. Focus on lung cancer. Cancer Cell. 2002;1(1):49-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1535-6108(02)00027-2
  2. Raso MG, Wistuba II. Molecular pathogenesis of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and a proposal for tissue banking to facilitate identification of new biomarkers. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(7 suppl 3):S128-S135. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e318074fe42
  3. Starek A, Podolak I. [Carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke]. Rocz Panst Zakl Hig. 2009;60(4):299-310. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20361554/

Scientific Council

Neil M. Bressler, MD

James P. Gills Professor of Ophthalmology
Professor of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine
Baltimore, MD

A. Paul Chous, MA, OD, FAAO

Specializing in Diabetes Eye Care & Education, Chous Eye Care Associates
Adjunct Professor of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences
AOA Representative, National Diabetes Education Program
Tacoma, WA

Steven Ferrucci, OD, FAAO

Chief of Optometry, Sepulveda VA Medical Center
Professor, Southern California College of Optometry at Marshall B. Ketchum University
Sepulveda, CA

Julia A. Haller, MD

Ophthalmologist-in-Chief
Wills Eye Hospital
Philadelphia, PA

Allen C. Ho, MD, FACS

Director, Retina Research
Wills Eye Hospital
Professor and Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology
Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals
Philadelphia, PA

Charles C. Wykoff, MD, PhD

Director of Research, Retina Consultants of Houston
Associate Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology
Blanton Eye Institute & Houston Methodist Hospital
Houston, TX

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Clinician Scientific & Educational Resources

The RELIEF Clinical Toolkit is an online tool that aims to provide clinicians with up-to-date information on the presentation, prognosis, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Click on one of the options below to learn more about ROP.

Patient Toolkit

Patient Toolkit

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What exactly is NSCLC?

What exactly is NSCLC?

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What symptoms can NSCLC cause?

What symptoms can NSCLC cause?

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How is NSCLC treated according to staging?

How is NSCLC treated according to staging?

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How is early NSCLC treated with surgery or SBRT?

How is early NSCLC treated with surgery or SBRT?

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When is chemotherapy used in NSCLC?

When is chemotherapy used in NSCLC?

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When is radiation used in NSCLC?

When is radiation used in NSCLC?

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When is immunotherapy used in NSCLC?

When is immunotherapy used in NSCLC?

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When is targeted therapy used in NSCLC?

When is targeted therapy used in NSCLC?

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Online resources

Online resources

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This activity is provided by Med Learning Group. This activity is co-provided by Ultimate Medical Academy/Complete Conference Management (CCM). This activity is supported by an independent medical education grant from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

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